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top guard assembly

  • 1 верхняя защита

    Engineering: top guard assembly

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > верхняя защита

  • 2 tren

    m.
    1 train (ferrocarril).
    ir en tren to go by rail o train
    el tren en Suiza funciona muy bien the railways in Switzerland are very efficient
    tren de alta velocidad high-speed train
    tren de carga freight o goods train
    tren de cercanías local train, suburban train
    tren correo mail train
    tren directo through train
    tren de largo recorrido long-distance train
    tren de mercancías freight o goods train
    tren nocturno overnight train
    2 line (mechanics).
    tren de aterrizaje undercarriage, landing gear
    tren de lavado car wash
    3 series, chain, train.
    * * *
    2 MILITAR convoy
    4 figurado (ritmo, modo) speed, pace
    \
    cambiar de tren to change, change train, US transfer
    coger el tren / tomar el tren to catch a train
    estar como un tren / estar como para parar un tren familiar to be a bit of all right
    ir en tren to go by train
    perder el train figurado to miss the boat
    vivir a todo tren figurado to live a life of luxury
    tren correo mail train
    tren de alta velocidad high-speed train
    tren de aterrizaje undercarriage
    tren de cercanías suburban train
    tren de lavado car wash
    tren de mercancías / tren de carga goods train, US freight train
    tren de pasajeros passenger train
    tren de vida life style, way of life
    tren directo through train
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Ferro) train

    cambiar de tren — to change trains, change train

    subirse a o tomar o coger un tren — to catch a train

    perder el tren de algo —

    perdimos el tren de la revolución científica — when it came to the scientific revolution, we missed the boat

    subirse al tren de algo —

    tren ascendente — † up train

    tren botijo — † * excursion train

    tren de carga — goods train, freight train (EEUU)

    tren de carretera — articulated lorry (Brit), articulated truck (EEUU)

    tren de cercanías — suburban train, local train

    tren de mercancías — goods train, freight train (EEUU)

    tren descendente — † down train

    tren eléctrico — (=medio de transporte) electric train; (=juguete) (electric) train set

    tren expreso — express, express train

    tren ómnibus — † stopping train, local train, accommodation train (EEUU)

    tren rápido — express, express train

    2) (=ritmo)
    - vivir a todo tren
    3) (Mec) set ( of gears, wheels)

    tren de aterrizaje — (Aer) undercarriage, landing gear

    tren delantero — (Aut) front wheel assembly

    tren de lavado — (Aut) car wash

    tren trasero — (Aut) rear wheel assembly

    4) [en viajes] (=equipaje) luggage; (=equipo) equipment
    5) (Mil) convoy
    6)

    en tren de — LAm in the process of

    7) Caribe (=taller) workshop; (=empresa) firm, company
    8) CAm
    a) (=trajín) coming and going
    9) Méx (=tranvía) tram, streetcar (EEUU)
    10) Caribe (=majadería) cheeky remark
    * * *
    1) (Ferr) train

    tomar or (esp Esp) coger el tren — to take o catch the train

    estar como un tren — (Esp fam) to be gorgeous (colloq), to be hot stuff (colloq)

    subirse al tren de algo: quieren subirse al tren de las nuevas tecnologías they want to jump on the new technology bandwagon; hay que subirse al tren del progreso! — we must keep up with the times

    2) (fam) ( ritmo) rate

    a todo tren — (fam)

    estar en tren de hacer algo — (CS) to be in the process of doing something

    3) ( conjunto) assembly
    •
    * * *
    = train.
    Ex. If none of these terms is appropriate1/4 give the specific name of the item or the names of the parts of the item as concisely as possible; e.g., 1 clockwork toy train.
    ----
    * abono de tren = rail pass.
    * asalto al tren = train robbery.
    * bajarse del tren = get off + the train.
    * billete de tren = train ticket.
    * estación de tren = rail yard, train station, railway station.
    * horario de trenes = train timetable.
    * servicios de trenes = rail facilities.
    * subirse al tren = jump on + the bandwagon, ride + the hype.
    * trayecto en tren = train ride.
    * tren a vapor = steam train.
    * tren de juguete = toy train.
    * tren delantero = front end.
    * tren de mercancías = freight train, goods train.
    * tren de pasajeros = passenger train.
    * tren de vapor = steam train.
    * tren hospital = hospital train.
    * tren trasero = rear end.
    * viaje en tren = train ride.
    * * *
    1) (Ferr) train

    tomar or (esp Esp) coger el tren — to take o catch the train

    estar como un tren — (Esp fam) to be gorgeous (colloq), to be hot stuff (colloq)

    subirse al tren de algo: quieren subirse al tren de las nuevas tecnologías they want to jump on the new technology bandwagon; hay que subirse al tren del progreso! — we must keep up with the times

    2) (fam) ( ritmo) rate

    a todo tren — (fam)

    estar en tren de hacer algo — (CS) to be in the process of doing something

    3) ( conjunto) assembly
    •
    * * *

    Ex: If none of these terms is appropriate1/4 give the specific name of the item or the names of the parts of the item as concisely as possible; e.g., 1 clockwork toy train.

    * abono de tren = rail pass.
    * asalto al tren = train robbery.
    * bajarse del tren = get off + the train.
    * billete de tren = train ticket.
    * estación de tren = rail yard, train station, railway station.
    * horario de trenes = train timetable.
    * servicios de trenes = rail facilities.
    * subirse al tren = jump on + the bandwagon, ride + the hype.
    * trayecto en tren = train ride.
    * tren a vapor = steam train.
    * tren de juguete = toy train.
    * tren delantero = front end.
    * tren de mercancías = freight train, goods train.
    * tren de pasajeros = passenger train.
    * tren de vapor = steam train.
    * tren hospital = hospital train.
    * tren trasero = rear end.
    * viaje en tren = train ride.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Ferr) train
    vine en tren or tomé or cogí el tren I came by train, I took o caught the train
    tuve que correr para agarrar or ( esp Esp) coger el tren I had to run to catch o get the train
    cambiar de tren to change trains
    le regalaron un trencito or ( Esp) trenecito (de juguete) he was given a toy train set
    estar como un tren ( Esp fam); to be gorgeous ( colloq), to be hot stuff ( colloq)
    llevarse el tren a algn ( Méx fam): como siguió bebiendo, se lo llevó el tren he didn't stop drinking and he snuffed it o he kicked the bucket ( colloq), he drank himself to death
    si no pagamos pronto, nos va a llevar el tren if we don't pay soon, we're going to be in big trouble
    me/le lleva el tren ( Méx fam); I'm/he's absolutely fuming o seething! ( colloq)
    perdí or se me fue el tren (literal) I missed the train; (refiriéndose a una oportunidad) I missed the boat, I missed out
    subirse al tren de algo: todos quieren subirse al tren de las nuevas tecnologías everyone wants to get in on new technology, everyone wants to jump o climb on the new-technology bandwagon
    ¡hay que subirse al tren del progreso! we must keep up with the times
    Compuestos:
    night train
    mail train
    high-speed train
    freight train, goods train ( BrE)
    local train, suburban train
    rack o cog railway
    ghost train
    long-distance train
    freight train, goods train ( BrE)
    passenger train
    through train
    electric train
    express train
    ghost train
    night train
    mail train
    express train
    2 ( Méx) (tranvía) street car ( AmE), tram ( BrE)
    B ( fam) (ritmo) rate
    a este tren at this rate ( colloq)
    lleva un tren de vida intensísimo she leads a very hectic life, she has a very hectic lifestyle
    a este tren no llegaremos nunca we'll never get there at this rate
    a todo tren ( fam): viven a todo tren they live like kings, they live a luxurious lifestyle
    tuvieron una boda a todo tren they had a lavish wedding
    lo tuvimos que hacer a todo tren we had to work flat out o at top speed
    estar en tren de hacer algo (CS); to be in the process of doing sth
    estamos en tren de mudarnos we're in the process o in the middle of moving house
    ya que estamos en tren de criticar, te diré que … since we seem to be in a critical vein o since we seem to be criticizing people, let me tell you that …
    estoy en tren de salir I'm just going out, I'm just on my way out
    seguirle el tren a algn ( RPl fam); to keep up with sb
    C (conjunto) assembly
    Compuestos:
    undercarriage, landing gear
    ● tren de laminación or de laminados
    rolling mill
    carwash
    assembly line
    front wheel assembly
    rear wheel assembly
    * * *

     

    tren sustantivo masculino
    1 (Ferr) train;
    tomar or (esp Esp) coger el tren to take o catch the train;

    cambiar de tren to change trains;
    tren correo or postal mail train;
    tren de alta velocidad high-speed train;
    tren de cercanías local o suburban train;
    tren directo through train;
    tren expreso or rápido express train
    2 (fam) ( ritmo) rate;

    tren de vida lifestyle
    tren sustantivo masculino
    1 Ferroc train
    tren de alta velocidad, high-speed train
    tren de largo recorrido/de cercanías, long-distance/suburban train
    2 Av tren de aterrizaje, undercarriage, US landing gear
    3 (nivel de vida) life style
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar estar como un tren, to be very handsome
    a todo tren, in style
    tren de vida, life style
    fam fig para parar un tren, (gran cantidad de algo) tienen dinero para parar un tren, they're swimming in money
    ' tren' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - apearse
    - aterrizaje
    - aunque
    - AVE
    - bajar
    - bajarse
    - carga
    - cargamento
    - cercanía
    - circular
    - coche
    - correo
    - destino
    - diurna
    - diurno
    - efectuar
    - en
    - encarrilar
    - exprés
    - expresa
    - expreso
    - juguete
    - mercancía
    - nocturna I
    - nocturno
    - para
    - partida
    - pasar
    - pitar
    - preferible
    - rápida
    - rápido
    - recorrido
    - retrasarse
    - salida
    - se
    - soler
    - subir
    - subirse
    - suburbana
    - suburbano
    - tirarse
    - tomar
    - tope
    - traqueteo
    - usted
    - ustedes
    - vaivén
    - ventanilla
    English:
    aboard
    - account
    - approach
    - blow
    - boat
    - by
    - call
    - call at
    - catch
    - change
    - collide
    - come in
    - connect
    - connected
    - connection
    - delay
    - delayed
    - depart
    - derail
    - dissatisfaction
    - do
    - draw
    - draw in
    - draw out
    - draw up
    - driver
    - for
    - freight train
    - freshen up
    - get in
    - guard
    - high-speed
    - hoot
    - inspector
    - landing gear
    - late
    - leave
    - lifestyle
    - long-distance
    - mailtrain
    - miss
    - model
    - move
    - move off
    - moving
    - nonstop
    - off
    - outbound
    - overdue
    - pull
    * * *
    tren nm
    1. [vehículo] train;
    el tren en Suiza funciona muy bien the trains in Switzerland are very efficient;
    ir en tren to go by rail o train;
    ir a buen tren to be going well;
    perder el tren de algo: hemos perdido el tren de las nuevas tecnologías we have missed the boat o bus as far as the new technologies are concerned;
    no podemos permitirnos perder el tren de Europa we can't afford to get left behind by the rest of Europe;
    subirse al tren de algo: la empresa debe subirse al tren del progreso the company must keep pace with progress;
    era un oportunista que se subió al tren del posmodernismo he was an opportunist who jumped on the postmodernist bandwagon;
    Fam
    como para parar un tren: estar como (para parar) un tren to be stunning, to be a smasher;
    nos dieron comida como para parar un tren they gave us enough food to feed an army;
    RP Fam
    seguirle el tren a alguien to keep up with sb
    tren de alta velocidad high-speed train;
    tren de carga freight o Br goods train;
    tren de cercanías local train, suburban train;
    tren correo mail train;
    tren de cremallera rack o cog railway o US railroad train;
    tren directo through train;
    tren expreso express train;
    tren fantasma ghost train;
    tren de largo recorrido long-distance train;
    tren de mercancías freight o Br goods train;
    tren mixto passenger and freight o Br goods train;
    tren nocturno overnight train, night train;
    tren ómnibus local train;
    tren rápido fast train;
    tren semidirecto = train that stops only at certain stations, US limited train
    2. Tec line
    tren de aterrizaje undercarriage, landing gear;
    tren desbastador roughing mill;
    tren de lavado car wash
    3. [estilo]
    a todo tren: un banquete a todo tren a banquet with all the trimmings, a lavish banquet;
    vivir a todo tren to live in style;
    RP Fam
    en tren de: ya que estamos en tren de diversión, podríamos ir a bailar seeing as we're out for a good time, we could go dancing;
    parecían en tren de aventura they seemed to be up for a bit of adventure
    tren de vida lifestyle
    * * *
    m FERR train;
    ir en tren go by train;
    perder el tren miss the train; fig miss the boat;
    vivir a todo tren fam live in style;
    … (como) para parar un tren fam loads of … fam, masses of … fam ;
    estar como un tren fam be absolutely gorgeous
    * * *
    tren nm
    1) : train
    2) : set, assembly
    tren de aterrizaje: landing gear
    3) : speed, pace
    a todo tren: at top speed
    * * *
    tren n train

    Spanish-English dictionary > tren

  • 3 устройство

    attachment, apparatus, arrangement, assembly, device, element, facility, machine, gear, mean, project, rig, setup, station, structure, system, technology, unit, widget
    * * *
    устро́йство с.
    1. (приспособление, механизм и т. п.) apparatus, arrangement device, equipment, facility, means, gear
    2. (конструкция, расположение) arrangement, design
    благодаря́ тако́му устро́йству … — by this arrangement, …
    устро́йство авари́йной сигнализа́ции — alarm (device)
    устро́йство автомати́ческого выра́внивания с.-х. — self-levelling device
    автоно́мное устро́йство — self-contained unit
    автосцепно́е устро́йство — automatic coupler equipment
    амортизи́рующее устро́йство — shock absorber
    анало́говое устро́йство — analog device
    анало́говое, вычисли́тельное устро́йство — analog computing device
    анте́нное устро́йство (собственно антенна, привод и опора) — scanner (assembly)
    устро́йство АПВ эл. — automatic (circuit) recloser (см. тж. АПВ)
    арифмети́ческое устро́йство вчт. — arithmetic unit
    ба́зовое устро́йство ( в приборах со сменными блоками втычного типа) — mainframe
    балансиро́вочное устро́йство — balancer
    блоки́рующее устро́йство — interlock
    бры́згальное устро́йство — spraying device
    буквопеча́тающее устро́йство — полигр. character printing device; вчт. alphabetic printer
    букси́рное устро́йство — towing arrangement, towing gear
    бу́ферное устро́йство — buffer (unit)
    валоповоро́тное устро́йство — barring [jacking, shaft-turning] gear
    устро́йство вво́да — вчт. input device, input unit, input reader; ( перфокарточное) card reader
    устро́йство вво́да-вы́вода вчт. — input-output [I/ O] device
    взве́шивающее устро́йство — weigher
    видеоконтро́льное устро́йство [ВКУ] — picture monitor
    визи́рное устро́йство кфт. — finder system
    визи́рное, зерка́льное беспаралла́ксное устро́йство кфт. — (through-the-lens) reflex view-finder system
    вне́шние устро́йства вчт. — peripheral equipment
    водозабо́рное устро́йство — water intake
    водозабо́рное, высоконапо́рное устро́йство — high-pressure water intake
    водозабо́рное, низконапо́рное устро́йство — low-pressure water intake
    водоотво́дное устро́йство — drainage facility
    воздухоспускно́е устро́йство — air bleeder
    встря́хивающее устро́йство ( в пылевых фильтрах) — rapping gear
    входно́е устро́йство — input device, input unit
    устро́йство вы́вода — вчт. output device, output unit; ( с записью) output writer; ( с печатью) output printer; ( перфокарточное) (output) card punch
    выводно́е устро́йство полигр. — sheet delivery apparatus, delivery unit
    выпрямля́ющее устро́йство — rectifier (unit)
    вытяжно́е устро́йство — exhaust system
    вычисли́тельное устро́йство — computer, computing device
    вычисли́тельное, навигацио́нное устро́йство — navigation [flight] computer
    газоочистно́е устро́йство — gas-cleaning system, gas scrubber
    грузово́е устро́йство мор. — cargo(-handling) gear
    грузоподъё́мное устро́йство — hoisting apparatus, hoisting gear
    дальноме́рное устро́йство — distance-measuring device; ranging unit
    декоди́рующее устро́йство — decoder
    декомпрессио́нное устро́йство — decompressor
    демпфи́рующее устро́йство — damping device, damper; изм. dash-pot
    дифференци́рующее устро́йство вчт. — differential analyzer
    устро́йство для маркиро́вки проводо́в — wire-marking machine
    устро́йство для продо́льной ре́зки ле́нты полигр. — slitting machine
    дози́рующее устро́йство — metering device; (отвешивающее, отмеривающее и т. п.) measuring equipment
    дрена́жное устро́йство — drain(age) system
    дугогаси́тельное устро́йство эл. — arc control device
    забо́рное устро́йство — intake
    загру́зочное устро́йство — charging device
    задаю́щее устро́йство автмт. — reference-input element, reference-input unit, control-point setting device
    устро́йство заде́ржки — delay device
    зажи́мное устро́йство — clamping [holding] device
    заземля́ющее устро́йство — earthing [grounding] connection
    запомина́ющее устро́йство — вчт. storage, memory; брит. store
    выводи́ть из запомина́ющего устро́йства — retrieve from storage [from memory]
    засыла́ть в запомина́ющее устро́йство — transfer to [enter into] storage [memory]
    обраща́ться к запомина́ющему устро́йству — access, storage [memory]
    запомина́ющее, автоно́мное устро́йство — off-line storage, off-line memory
    запомина́ющее, ана́логовое устро́йство — analog storage, analog memory
    запомина́ющее, ассоциати́вное устро́йство — associative [content-addressable] memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство без разруше́ния информа́ции (при счи́тывании) — nondestructive (read-out) storage, NDRO storage, nondestructive memory
    запомина́ющее, бу́ферное устро́йство — buffer storage, buffer memory
    запомина́ющее, быстроде́йствующее устро́йство — quick-access [rapid-access] storage, quick-access [rapid-access] memory
    запомина́ющее, вне́шнее устро́йство [ВЗУ] — external storage, external memory
    запомина́ющее, вну́треннее устро́йство — internal storage, internal memory
    запомина́ющее, вспомога́тельное устро́йство — auxiliary storage, auxiliary memory
    запомина́ющее, динами́ческое устро́йство — dynamic storage, dynamic memory
    запомина́ющее, долговре́менное устро́йство — permanent storage, permanent memory
    запомина́ющее, магни́тное устро́йство — magnetic storage, magnetic memory
    запомина́ющее, магнитострикцио́нное устро́йство — magnetostrictive (delay-line) storage, magnetostrictive (delay-line) memory
    запомина́ющее, ма́тричное устро́йство — matrix storage, matrix memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на бараба́нах — drum storage
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на ди́сках — disk storage, disk memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на ле́нтах — tape storage, tape memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на магни́тных ка́ртах — magnetic card storage, magnetic card memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на магни́тных плё́нках — magnetic-film storage, magnetic-film memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на магни́тных серде́чниках — magnetic-core storage, magnetic-core memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на перфоле́нтах — punch tape storage
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на три́ггерах — flip-flop storage, flip-flop memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на ферри́товых серде́чниках — (ferrite) core storage, (ferrite) core memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство на электроннолучевы́х тру́бках — cathode-ray tube memory, cathode-ray tube storage
    запомина́ющее, односторо́ннее устро́йство — read-only memory, ROM
    запомина́ющее, операти́вное устро́йство — on-line storage, on-line memory
    запомина́ющее, опти́ческое устро́йство — optical storage, optical memory
    запомина́ющее, оптоэлектро́нное устро́йство — optoelectronic (data) storage, optoelectronic (data) memory
    запомина́ющее, после́довательное устро́йство — serial(-access) storage, serial(-access) memory
    запомина́ющее, постоя́нное устро́йство — permanent [fixed] storage, permanent [fixed] memory
    запомина́ющее, рабо́чее устро́йство — working storage, working memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с бы́строй вы́боркой — quick-access [rapid-access] memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с нестира́емой за́писью — nonerasable storage, nonerasable memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство со стира́емой за́писью — erasable storage, erasable memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с поразря́дной вы́боркой — bit-organized memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с произво́льной вы́боркой — random access storage, random access memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с прямо́й вы́боркой ( слов или чисел) — word-organized [word-selection] storage, word-organized [word-selection] memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с разруше́нием информа́ции — volatile storage, volatile memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с совпаде́нием то́ков — coincident-current storage, coincident-current memory
    запомина́ющее устро́йство стати́ческого ти́па — static storage
    запомина́ющее устро́йство с центра́льным проце́ссором — on-line storage, on-line memory
    запомина́ющее, три́ггерное устро́йство — flip-flop storage, flip-flop memory
    запомина́ющее, цикли́ческое устро́йство — circulating [cyclic] storage, circulating [cyclic] memory
    запомина́ющее, электроннолучево́е устро́йство — cathode-ray tube memory
    заря́дное устро́йство — charging unit, charger
    заря́дное, аккумуля́торное устро́йство — battery charger
    защи́тное устро́йство — protection device; ( преимущественно механическое) safe-guard
    звукозапи́сывающее устро́йство — sound recorder
    золосмывно́е устро́йство — ash sluicing device
    золотопромы́вочное устро́йство — gold washer
    золоулови́тельное устро́йство — fly-ash collector
    измери́тельное устро́йство — measuring device
    индика́торное устро́йство рлк. — display unit, indicator (unit), (radar) scope
    интегри́рующее устро́йство — integrator
    ка́бельное устро́йство — cable (hauling) gear
    кернова́тельное устро́йство нефт. — catcher, (split-ring) core lifter, spring lifter, core gripper
    коди́рующее устро́йство — coding device, (en)coder
    колошнико́вое устро́йство — (blast-furnace) top arrangement
    колошнико́вое, загру́зочное устро́йство — top charging gear
    контро́льное устро́йство — monitor (ing device)
    концево́е, ка́бельное устро́йство — cable termination
    копирова́льное устро́йство ( пантограф) — pantograph
    корректи́рующее устро́йство
    1. автмт. compensator, compensating device, compensating network, equalizer
    предусма́тривать корректи́рующее устро́йство, напр. в цепи́ — use [place] a compensator around, e. g., a circuit
    2. полигр. error correcting device
    кра́новое устро́йство ( бурильной машины) — crown block
    ле́ерное устро́йство мор. — life lines, life rails
    лентопротя́жное устро́йство — tape transport, tape-moving device
    листовыводно́е устро́йство полигр. — sheet delivery apparatus
    листоотдели́тельное устро́йство полигр. — sheet-separating unit
    логи́ческое устро́йство — logic unit
    микрофо́нно-телефо́нное устро́йство — microphone-earphone device
    мно́жительно-дели́тельное устро́йство — multiplication-division unit
    мно́жительное устро́йство — multiplier unit
    модели́рующее устро́йство — simulator
    модели́рующее устро́йство в и́стинном масшта́бе вре́мени — real-time simulator
    набо́рное устро́йство ( телетайпа или стартстопного телеграфного аппарата) — selector mechanism
    нагру́зочное устро́йство — loading device
    нажимно́е устро́йство ( прокатного стана) — screw-down mechanism
    нака́тное устро́йство полигр. — inking unit
    накладно́е устро́йство полигр. — laying-in apparatus
    намо́точное устро́йство — coiler, winding machine
    натяжно́е устро́йство — ( для регулирования длины полосы) прок. bridle, bridling equipment; ( ременной или иной передачи) tensioning device; ( конвейера) take-up
    натяжно́е, винтово́е устро́йство — ( конвейера) screw take-up; ( ременной или иной передачи) screw tensioner
    натяжно́е, входно́е устро́йство прок. — entry bridle
    натяжно́е, выходно́е устро́йство прок. — exit bridle
    натяжно́е устро́йство цепно́й переда́чи — chain tightener
    устро́йство обега́ющего контро́ля — data logger
    устро́йство обрабо́тки да́нных — data processor
    устро́йство обрабо́тки информа́ции — data-processing unit
    оконе́чное устро́йство — terminal
    оповести́тельное устро́йство — annunciator
    опу́дривающее устро́йство пласт. — duster, powdering device
    ороси́тельное устро́йство — spraying device, spraying system
    освети́тельное устро́йство — lighting unit
    основно́е устро́йство вчт. — primary device
    отклоня́ющее устро́йство — deflector; (в осциллоскопах, кинескопах) deflection yoke
    отсо́сное устро́йство тепл. — aspirator
    паропромы́вочное устро́йство — steam washer, steam scrubber
    перегово́рное устро́йство — intercom, intercommunication(s) system, interphone system
    перегово́рное, самолё́тное устро́йство — (aircraft) intercommunication [interphone] system
    перезапи́сывающее устро́йство — transcriber
    переключа́ющее устро́йство — switching device
    переключа́ющее устро́йство регулиро́вки напряже́ния под нагру́зкой — on-load tap-changer
    петлево́е устро́йство прок. — looper
    печа́тающее устро́йство — printer
    печа́тающее, автоно́мное устро́йство — off-line printer
    печа́тающее устро́йство бараба́нного ти́па — drum-type printer
    печа́тающее, бу́квенно-цифрово́е устро́йство — alpha(nu)merical printer
    печа́тающее, выходно́е устро́йство — output printer
    печа́тающее устро́йство колё́сного ти́па — wheel printer
    печа́тающее, ма́тричное устро́йство — wire-matrix impact printer
    печа́тающее, неавтоно́мное устро́йство — on-line printer
    печа́тающее, операти́вное устро́йство ( работающее в системном режиме) — on-line printer
    печа́тающее, постро́чно устро́йство — line [line-at-a-time] printer
    печа́тающее, ротацио́нное устро́йство — on-the-fly printer
    печа́тающее, цепно́е устро́йство — chain printer
    печа́тающее, цифрово́е устро́йство — numeric(al) printer
    печа́тающее, шта́нговое устро́йство — bar printer
    печа́тающее, электромехани́ческое устро́йство — electromechanical printer
    печа́тающее, электро́нное устро́йство — electronic printer
    печа́тающее, электростати́ческое устро́йство — electrostatic printer
    пита́ющее устро́йство — feeding device, feeder
    погру́зочно-разгру́зочные устро́йства — handling facilities
    устро́йство подгото́вки входны́х да́нных вчт. — input preparation equipment
    подпи́точное устро́йство тепл. — make-up system
    подъё́мное устро́йство — hoisting equipment, hoisting gear
    предохрани́тельное устро́йство ( механического типа) — (safe) guard
    приводно́е устро́йство — drive
    противообледени́тельное устро́йство — ( предотвращающее образование льда) anti-icing device; ( удаляющее образовавшийся лёд) de-icer
    противоотма́рочное устро́йство полигр. — offset preventing unit
    противоперегру́зочное устро́йство ав. — anti-g device
    противопомпа́жное устро́йство — antisurge device
    противоуго́нное устро́йство — anti-theft device
    пусково́е устро́йство — starting device, starter
    путевы́е устро́йства — wayside apparatus, track arrangement
    радиопередаю́щее устро́йство — radio transmitter
    радиоприё́мное устро́йство — radio receiver
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство — scanner, scanning system
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство бараба́нного ти́па ( в фототелеграфии) — drum-type scanner
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство плоскостно́го ти́па ( в фототелеграфии) — flat-bed scanner
    развё́ртывающее устро́йство ти́па «бегу́щий луч» ( в фототелеграфии) — flying-spot scanner
    разгру́зочное устро́йство — unloading installation, discharging device
    раскатно́е устро́йство
    1. полигр. inker unit
    2. эл. reeling-out unit
    раска́точное устро́йство рез. — unwinding device
    устро́йство распознава́ния зна́ков — character recognition machine
    устро́йство распознава́ния о́бразов — pattern recognition machine
    распредели́тельное устро́йство эл. — switch-gear
    распредели́тельное, закры́тое устро́йство эл. — indoor switch-gear
    распредели́тельное, компле́ктное устро́йство эл. — factory-assembled switch-gear
    распредели́тельное, откры́тое устро́йство эл. — outdoor switch-gear
    распредели́тельное устро́йство сбо́рного ти́па эл. — cubicle-type switch-gear
    распы́ливающее устро́йство — sprayer unit
    рассти́лочное устро́йство с.-х. — spreading device
    расто́почное устро́йство — lighting-up equipment
    устро́йство регистра́ции произво́дственных да́нных — process data logger
    регули́рующее устро́йство — regulator [governor] device
    резе́рвное устро́йство — stand-by facility, back-up device
    рулево́е устро́йство мор. — steering gear
    рыбозащи́тное устро́йство — fish protection structure
    рыбопропускно́е устро́йство — fish pass
    устро́йство СДЦ с однокра́тным вычита́нием — single(-subtraction) canceller
    сма́зочное устро́йство — lubricator
    смеси́тельное устро́йство — mixing device, mixer
    согласу́ющее устро́йство — matching device
    спаса́тельное устро́йство мор. — life-saving appliance
    спусково́е устро́йство
    1. мор. launching arrangement
    2. кфт. (shutter) release
    сра́внивающее устро́йство — comparator
    ста́лкивающее устро́йство ( с конвейера) — tripper
    станцио́нные устро́йства — station accomodation, station facilities
    стира́ющее устро́йство — eraser
    сто́порное устро́йство ( сталеразливочного ковша) — stopper-rod device
    сужа́ющее устро́йство гидр. — restriction, contraction
    сумми́рующее устро́йство — ( аналоговое) summer, summator; ( цифровое) adder
    сцепно́е устро́йство — coupler
    счё́тно-реша́ющее устро́йство — computing device, computer
    счё́тно-реша́ющее, навигацио́нное устро́йство — navigation computer
    счи́тывающее устро́йство вчт. — reader, reading machine
    счи́тывающее, алфави́тно-цифрово́е устро́йство — alphanumeric reader
    счи́тывающее, опти́ческое устро́йство — optical reader
    счи́тывающее устро́йство, рабо́тающее с бума́жным носи́телем — paper reader
    счи́тывающее, фотоэлектри́ческое устро́йство — photoelectric reader
    счи́тывающее, электромехани́ческое устро́йство — electromechanical reader
    телеизмери́тельное устро́йство — telemetering device
    тормозно́е устро́йство ( для спуска судна на воду) — arresting [checking] arrangement
    транскоди́рующее устро́йство — transcoder
    тягодутьево́е устро́йство — draft system
    тя́нущее устро́йство ( волочильного стана) — draw-out equipment
    увлажни́тельное устро́йство лес. — humidifier
    устро́йство ультразвуково́й сва́рки — ultrasonic welding [bonding] machine
    уплотни́тельное устро́йство — sealing device
    устро́йство управле́ния — control unit
    устро́йство устано́вки нуля́ ( регулятора) — origin-shift device
    устано́вочное устро́йство — adjusting device, adjuster
    фазосдвига́ющее устро́йство — phase shifter
    фокуси́рующее устро́йство — focuser
    фотопеча́тающее устро́йство — photoprinter
    хрони́рующее устро́йство — timer, synchronizer
    цветодели́тельное устро́йство полигр. — colour separator
    цейтра́ферное устро́йство кфт. — time-lapse mechanism
    цепенатяжно́е устро́йство — chain tightener
    цифрово́е устро́йство — digital device
    чита́ющее устро́йство ( для чтения текстов) вчт. — reader, reading machine
    шварто́вное устро́йство — mooring gear, mooring arrangement
    шле́пперное устро́йство прок. — transfer arrangement
    шлю́почное устро́йство ( для спуска на воду) — boat(-handling) gear
    шумозащи́тное устро́йство на приё́м тлф. — receiving-and-antinoise device
    экипиро́вочное устро́йство ж.-д. — servicing facilities
    электро́нное устро́йство — electronic device
    электропрои́грывающее устро́йство («вертушка») — turntable
    я́корное устро́йство — anchor(-handling) gear
    я́корно-шварто́вное устро́йство — ground tackle

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > устройство

  • 4 cambio

    m.
    1 change.
    se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation
    a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity
    cambio de domicilio change of address
    cambio horario = putting clocks back or forward one hour (bianual)
    cambio de gobierno change of government
    2 exchange (intercambio).
    a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for)
    no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return
    3 change (monedas).
    nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change
    ¿tiene cambio de cinco mil? have you got change of o for five thousand?
    quédese con el cambio keep the change
    5 substitution, change (sport) (sustitución).
    hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cambiar.
    * * *
    1 change, changing
    2 (intercambio) exchange, exchanging
    3 (dinero suelto) change, loose change; (vuelta) change
    ■ ¿me puedes dar cambio de cien euros? can you change a hundred euros?
    4 (acciones) price, quotation; (divisas) exchange rate
    5 (tren) switch
    6 AUTOMÓVIL gear change
    \
    a cambio de in exchange for
    a las primeras de cambio figurado at the first opportunity
    en cambio on the other hand, but, whereas
    ■ tú no puedes cantar, en cambio él sí you can't sing, but he can
    cambio automático AUTOMÓVIL automatic transmission
    cambio de la guardia changing of the guard
    cambio de marchas (acción) gear change 2 (caja) gearbox
    cambio de planes change of plans
    casa de cambio bureau de change
    libre cambio free trade
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) exchange, swap
    •
    - en cambio
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=variación) change

    • necesito un cambio de aires — I need a change of scene

    • siempre nos veíamos durante el cambio de clase — we always used to meet in the break between classes

    • un cambio para mejor/peor — a change for the better/worse

    cambio de agujas — (Ferro) points junction, switch junction (EEUU)

    cambio de gobierno — [completo] change of government; [parcial] reshuffle

    cambio de línea — (Inform) line feed

    cambio de marchas — (=acción) gear change; (=mecanismo) gear stick, gearshift (EEUU)

    cambio de opinión — change of opinion, turn in opinion

    cambio de página — (Inform) form feed

    cambio de rasante, prohibido adelantar en un cambio de rasante — no overtaking on the brow of a hill

    cambio de tercio — (Taur) change of stage ( in a bullfight)

    cambio de velocidades — = cambio de marchas

    cambio de vía — (Ferro) points pl, switches pl (EEUU)

    2) (=intercambio) exchange, swap *

    hicimos un cambio de coche — we exchanged cars, we swapped cars *

    3) (Econ)
    a) (=dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de 50 euros? — do you have change for 50 euros?, can you change 50 euros?

    b) [de moneda extranjera] (=tipo) exchange rate

    Cambio — Bureau de Change, Change

    4)

    • a cambio — in return, in exchange

    "admitimos su coche usado a cambio" — "cars taken in part exchange", "trade-ins accepted"

    • a cambio de — in return for, in exchange for

    reclamaba dinero a cambio de su silencio — he demanded money in return o exchange for keeping quiet (about it)

    5)

    • en cambio — whereas

    yo nunca llego a tiempo, en cambio ella es muy puntual — I never arrive on time, whereas she is very punctual

    ¿pero qué ha sucedido en cambio? — but instead, what has happened?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (alteración, modificación) change

    cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

    un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

    a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

    meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

    un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

    2)
    a) ( canje) exchange

    a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

    en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

    3)
    a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

    ¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

    cambio — bureau de change, change

    al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

    b) ( diferencia) change
    c) ( dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (alteración, modificación) change

    cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

    un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

    a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

    meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

    un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

    2)
    a) ( canje) exchange

    a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

    en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

    3)
    a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

    ¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

    cambio — bureau de change, change

    al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

    b) ( diferencia) change
    c) ( dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

    * * *
    cambio1
    1 = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.

    Ex: It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.

    Ex: A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.
    Ex: This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.
    Ex: The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.
    Ex: Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.
    Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
    Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex: A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.
    Ex: The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.
    Ex: There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.
    Ex: The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex: The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.
    Ex: Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.
    Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex: This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.
    Ex: The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.
    Ex: The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.
    Ex: Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.
    Ex: Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.
    Ex: These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.
    Ex: Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.
    * aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.
    * adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.
    * adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.
    * adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.
    * agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.
    * agente del cambio = change agent.
    * aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.
    * cambio a = flight to.
    * cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.
    * cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.
    * cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.
    * cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.
    * cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.
    * cambio cultural = cultural change.
    * cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.
    * cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.
    * cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.
    * cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * cambio de dueño = change of hands.
    * cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.
    * cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.
    * cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].
    * cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.
    * cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.
    * cambio de look = lick of paint.
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio de manos = change of hands.
    * cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.
    * cambio demográfico = population trend.
    * cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de nombre = rebranding.
    * cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.
    * cambio de propietario = change of hands.
    * cambio de proveedor = churn.
    * cambio de registro = code switching.
    * cambio de residencia = resettlement.
    * cambio de servicio = churn.
    * cambio de sexo = sex change.
    * cambio de título = title change.
    * cambio escénico = scene changing.
    * cambio estacional = seasonal change.
    * cambio hormonal = hormonal change.
    * cambio inesperado = twist.
    * cambio institucional = institutional change.
    * cambio metereológico = weather modification.
    * cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.
    * cambio + producirse = change + come about.
    * cambio profundo = profound change.
    * cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.
    * cambio radical de postura = about-face.
    * cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.
    * cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.
    * cambio social = social change, societal change.
    * cambio + suceder = change + take place.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.
    * cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.
    * cambio traumático = traumatic change.
    * cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.
    * clima de cambio = climate of change.
    * efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * efectuar un cambio = effect + change.
    * elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.
    * en proceso de cambio = changing.
    * estado de cambio = state of flux.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.
    * experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.
    * experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.
    * hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.
    * hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).
    * hacer el cambio = make + the change.
    * hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.
    * hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.
    * hacer un cambio = make + change.
    * impulsor del cambio = driver of change.
    * introducir un cambio = bring + change.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.
    * lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.
    * los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * momento clave del cambio = tipping point.
    * moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.
    * mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.
    * motor del cambio = driver of change.
    * no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.
    * no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.
    * ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.
    * operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.
    * permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.
    * proceso de cambio = process of change.
    * producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * reacio al cambio = resistant to change.
    * realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.
    * repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.
    * resistente al cambio = resistant to change.
    * ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.
    * ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.
    * sin cambio = inviolate.
    * sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.
    * subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.
    * suceder un cambio = occur + change.
    * sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.
    * sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

    cambio2

    Ex: Forget climate change, voters want more loose change.

    * bolsa de cambio = stock exchange.
    * cambio de divisas = currency rate, currency exchange.
    * cambio de moneda = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchange.
    * letra de cambio = bill of exchange.
    * oficina de cambio = exchange office, currency exchange bureau, exchange bureau.
    * tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.
    * variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.

    cambio3
    3 = gear, derailleur.

    Ex: Their products were charming and much less expensive than American clockwork toys because they used tinplate gears rather than brass.

    Ex: There is a front and a rear derailleur on most modern bikes.
    * palanca de cambio = shifter.

    * * *
    A
    1 (alteración, modificación) change
    el cambio que ha tenido lugar en él the change he has undergone
    cambio DE algo:
    un brusco cambio de temperatura a sudden change in temperature
    lo que tú necesitas es un cambio de aires or ambiente what you need is a change of scene
    ha habido un cambio de planes there's been a change of plan
    una operación de cambio de sexo a sex-change operation
    a la primera de cambio ( fam); at the first opportunity, the first thing you know ( colloq)
    2 ( Auto) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)
    hacer un cambio to change gear
    meta el cambio ( AmL); put it in gear
    un coche con cinco cambios ( AmL); a car with a five-speed gearbox
    Compuestos:
    climate change
    change of address
    scene change
    change of guard, changing of the guard
    audible
    (dispositivo) transmission ( AmE), gearbox ( BrE); (acción) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)
    automatic gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox
    manual gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox
    brow of a hill
    audible
    ( Auto) junction
    switch ( AmE), points (pl) ( BrE)
    B
    1 (canje) exchange
    creo que has salido perdiendo con el cambio I think you've lost out in the deal
    [ S ] no se admiten cambios ni devoluciones goods cannot be exchanged or returned
    2 ( en locs):
    a cambio in exchange, in return
    a cambio de in exchange for, in return for
    estoy dispuesto a hacerlo a cambio de un pequeño favor I'm prepared to do it in exchange o in return for a small favor
    daría cualquier cosa a cambio de un poco de paz I'd do anything for a bit of peace
    en cambio: a él le parece espléndido; a mí, en cambio, no me gusta he thinks it's wonderful, but personally I don't like it
    el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio irse en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting whereas o but if you go by train it's very pleasant, the bus journey is exhausting; if you go by train, however o on the other hand, it is very pleasant
    C
    cambio de divisas foreign exchange
    ¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?
    [ S ] cambio bureau de change, change
    al cambio del día at the current exchange rate
    libre1 (↑ libre (1))
    2 (diferencia) change
    quédese con el cambio keep the change
    me ha dado mal el cambio he's given me the wrong change
    ¿tienes cambio de diez? can you change ten euros?
    necesito cambio para el teléfono I need some change for the telephone
    Compuestos:
    daily exchange rate o rate of exchange
    foreign exchange
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cambiar: ( conjugate cambiar)

    cambio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cambió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cambiar    
    cambio
    cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

    b) (de lugar, posición):


    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;


    cambiole el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
    d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

    e) (Fin) to change;

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
    2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
    cambio algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
    ‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
    ◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    verbo intransitivo
    a) [ciudad/persona] to change;


    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    b) (Auto) to change gear


    ◊ cambio de avión/tren to change planes/train

    d) cambio de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;


    cambio de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
    cambiarse verbo pronominal

    b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

    cambiose de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;

    cambiose de casa to move house;
    cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    c) cambiose por algn to change places with sb

    d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)


    cambio sustantivo masculino
    1

    cambio de algo ‹de planes/domicilio› change of sth;
    un cambio de aire(s) or ambiente a change of scene
    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE);


    cambio de sentido U-turn
    2

    ( on signs) no se admiten cambios goods cannot be exchanged
    b) ( en locs)


    en cambio: el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting;

    by train however o on the other hand is very pleasant
    3


    ¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?;

    ( on signs) cambio bureau de change, change



    cambiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to change
    2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
    3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
    II verbo intransitivo to change
    cambiar de casa, to move (house)
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    cambiar de sitio, to move
    cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
    cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
    cambio sustantivo masculino
    1 change
    (de opinión) shift
    un cambio de impresiones, an exchange of opinions
    2 (del dinero) change: ¿tienes cambio de cinco mil?, have you got change for five thousand?
    3 Fin (de la moneda extranjera) exchange
    (de unas acciones) price
    4 Auto gear change
    cambio automático, automatic transmission
    cambio de rasante, brow of a hill
    ♦ Locuciones: a cambio de, in exchange for
    a las primeras de cambio, at the firsl opportunity
    en cambio, on the other hand: él es muy engreído, en cambio ella es muy dulce, he's really conceited; on the other hand she is very sweet
    ' cambio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrupta
    - abrupto
    - aguantar
    - aire
    - alteración
    - apreciarse
    - benéfica
    - benéfico
    - biombo
    - brutal
    - desplazamiento
    - experimentar
    - girar
    - imponerse
    - inflexión
    - letra
    - oscilación
    - por
    - primera
    - primero
    - radical
    - semblante
    - sensible
    - tipo
    - vaivén
    - viraje
    - vuelta
    - acelerar
    - acentuado
    - apreciable
    - apresurar
    - brusco
    - cambiar
    - cara
    - cerrado
    - efectuar
    - feria
    - guardia
    - idea
    - importante
    - inevitable
    - lado
    - libre
    - nuevo
    - observar
    - operar
    - opinión
    - producir
    - quedar
    - rápido
    English:
    abrupt
    - adjustment
    - alarmed
    - alteration
    - bare
    - better
    - change
    - chapter
    - conversely
    - department
    - displacement
    - distinct
    - draft
    - dramatic
    - dramatically
    - drastic
    - euro
    - exchange
    - exchange rate
    - fall
    - float
    - gearshift
    - gearstick
    - instead
    - intend
    - into
    - likely
    - major
    - make
    - modification
    - occur
    - protection money
    - rate
    - refreshing
    - refreshingly
    - return
    - reversal
    - round
    - sex change
    - shift
    - short-change
    - slight
    - small change
    - subject
    - substantial
    - sudden
    - swap for
    - sweep
    - sweeping
    - swing
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [alteración, modificación] change;
    vivimos una época de grandes cambios we live in times of great change;
    cambio de actitud change in attitude;
    cambio de gobierno change of government;
    cambio radical turnabout, turnround;
    cambio de tiempo change in the weather;
    ha ganado con el cambio de trabajo he has benefited from changing jobs;
    con el cambio de política hemos perdido todos we have all lost out as a result of the change in policy;
    se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation;
    el cambio al sistema métrico ha sido muy sencillo the changeover to the metric system has been very straightforward;
    tu hijo ha pegado un cambio tremendo your son has really changed;
    a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity;
    abandonó la carrera a las primeras de cambio she dropped out of the race almost as soon as it had started o shortly after it had started;
    cayeron eliminados a las primeras de cambio they fell at the first hurdle
    cambio climático climate change; Ling cambio de código code switching;
    cambio de domicilio change of address;
    cambio de escena Teatro scene change;
    Fig change of scene;
    cambio generacional: [m5] el partido necesita un cambio generacional urgente the party is in urgent need of a new generation of leaders;
    este joven pintor es un ejemplo del cambio generacional en marcha this young man is one of the new generation of painters who are coming to dominate the artistic scene;
    cambio de guardia [ceremonia] changing of the guard;
    cambio horario [bianual] = putting clocks back or forward one hour;
    cambio hormonal hormonal change;
    cambio de imagen image change;
    el cambio de milenio the end of the millennium;
    cambio de rasante brow of a hill;
    cambio de sexo sex change;
    Der cambio de tribunal change of venue; Ferroc cambio de vía Br points, US switch
    2. [reemplazo, trueque] exchange;
    (oficina de) cambio [en letrero] Br bureau de change, US foreign-exchange bureau;
    durante las rebajas no se admiten cambios while the sales are on, goods may not be exchanged;
    a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for);
    no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return;
    se admite su vieja lavadora a cambio we will take your old washing machine in part exchange;
    te dejo el coche a cambio de que lo laves I'll let you use my car if you wash it for me
    Aut cambio de aceite oil change;
    cambio de impresiones exchange of views;
    Quím cambio iónico ion exchange;
    cambio de papeles role reversal
    3. [monedas, billetes] change;
    ¿tiene cambio? have you got any change?;
    ¿tiene cambio de 5.000? have you got change for o Br of 5,000?;
    nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change;
    quédese con el cambio keep the change;
    me ha dado el cambio incorrecto she gave me the wrong change
    4. Fin [de acciones] price;
    [de divisas] exchange rate;
    ha bajado el cambio del peso the (exchange rate of the) peso has fallen;
    los valores eléctricos han mantenido el cambio share prices in the electricity companies have remained steady;
    ¿a cuánto está el cambio de la libra? what's the exchange rate for the pound?
    cambio base base rate;
    cambio extranjero foreign exchange;
    cambio medio average exchange rate;
    cambio oficial official exchange rate
    5. Aut
    el cambio es muy duro the gears are rather stiff
    cambio automático automatic transmission;
    cambio de marchas [acción] gear change;
    [palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift;
    cambio sincronizado [en bicicleta] indexed gear;
    cambio de velocidades [acción] gear change;
    [palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift
    6. Dep [sustitución] substitution, change;
    hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change;
    el equipo visitante ha pedido (hacer un) cambio the away team want to make a substitution o change;
    el jugador lesionado pidió el cambio al entrenador the injured player signalled to the manager that he wanted to come off
    ♦ interj
    Rad
    ¡cambio (y corto)! over!;
    ¡cambio y cierro! over and out!
    ♦ en cambio loc adv
    [por otra parte] on the other hand, however; [en su lugar] instead;
    ellos no pueden ayudarnos, en cambio tú sí they can't help us, but o whereas you can;
    éste me gusta, en cambio este otro es feo I like this one, but this other one is horrible
    * * *
    m
    1 change;
    cambio de domicilio change of address;
    cambio de aires change of scene;
    cambio de turno change of shift;
    cambio de aceite AUTO oil change;
    ¡cambio! al hablar por radio over!
    2 COM exchange rate;
    el cambio del día the day’s (exchange) rate;
    libre cambio COM free trade
    3 ( suelto)
    :
    ¿tiene cambio? do you have change?
    4
    :
    no se admiten cambios goods will not be exchanged
    :
    a cambio de in exchange for;
    en cambio on the other hand
    * * *
    cambio nm
    1) : change, alteration
    2) : exchange
    3) : change (money)
    4)
    en cambio : instead
    5)
    en cambio : however, on the other hand
    * * *
    1. (en general) change
    ¿tienes cambio? have you got any change?
    2. (divisas) exchange rate

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambio

  • 5 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 6 train

    train [tʀɛ̃]
    1. masculine noun
       a. train
    • train omnibus/express/rapide slow/express/fast train
    • train à vapeur/électrique steam/electric train
    • train de marchandises/voyageurs goods/passenger train
    • mettre qn dans le train or au train (inf) to see sb off at the station
    • monter dans or prendre le train en marche to get on the moving train ; (figurative) to jump on the bandwagon
       b. ( = allure) ralentir/accélérer le train to slow down/speed up
       c. ( = série) [de mesures, réformes] batch
       d. ( = partie) train avant/arrière front/rear wheel-axle unit
       e. (locutions)
    • mise en train [de travail] starting up
    * * *
    tʀɛ̃
    1.
    nom masculin

    accompagner quelqu'un au train — (colloq) to see somebody off at the station

    2) ( convoi) train
    3) ( série) series (+ v sg)
    4) ( enchaînement) train
    5) ( allure) pace

    accélérer/ralentir le train — to speed up/to slow down

    aller bon or grand train — ( marcher vite) to walk briskly

    aller bon train — [rumeurs] to be flying around; [ventes, affaires] to be going well; [conversation] to flow easily; [équipage, voiture] to be going quite fast

    au train où l'on va/vont les choses — (at) the rate we're going/things are going

    aller son train — [affaire] to be getting on all right

    aller son petit train — [personne, affaire, négociations] to go peacefully along

    à fond de train — (colloq) at top speed

    7) (colloq) ( de personne) backside (colloq)

    le train — corps of transport GB, transportation corps US


    2.
    en train locution
    1) ( en forme)
    2) ( en marche)

    mettre en train — to get [something] started ou going [processus, travail]

    se mettre en train — gén to get going; Sport to warm up

    3) ( en cours)

    j'étais en train de dormir/lire — I was sleeping/reading

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    tʀɛ̃ nm
    1)

    Il est en train de manger. — He's eating.

    3) (= allure) pace

    aller bon train [rumeurs] — to be flying around, [négociations] to be making good progress

    Les spéculations vont bon train. — Speculation is rife.

    4) (= ensemble) set

    train de pneus — set of tyres Grande-Bretagne set of tires USA

    train de mesures — package of measures, set of measures

    se mettre en train (= commencer) — to get started, (= s'échauffer) to warm up

    * * *
    A nm
    1 Rail train; prendre le train de 21 heures to take the 9 pm train; monter/être dans le train to get/to be on the train; descendre du train to get off the train; mettre qn dans le train to put sb on the train; accompagner qn au train to see sb off at the station; par le or en train [voyager, transporter] by train; préférer le train à l'avion to prefer train travel to flying; ⇒ marche, vache;
    2 ( convoi) train; train de péniches train of barges;
    3 ( série) series; train de mesures/d'économies series of measures/of economies;
    4 ( enchaînement) train; le train des événements the train of events;
    5 ( allure) pace; accélérer/ralentir le train to speed up/to slow down; aller bon or grand train ( marcher vite) to walk briskly; aller bon train [rumeurs] to be flying around; [ventes, affaires] to be going well; [conversation] to flow easily; [équipage, voiture] to be going quite fast; au train où l'on va/vont les choses (at) the rate we're going/things are going; aller son train [affaire] to be getting on all right; aller son petit train [personne, affaire, négociations] to go peacefully along; à fond de train○ at top speed; ⇒ mener;
    6 Zool train de derrière hindquarters; train de devant forequarters;
    7 ○( de personne) backside○;
    8 Mil le train corps of transport GB, transportation corps US.
    B en train loc
    1 ( en forme) être en train to be full of energy; ne pas être en train not to have much energy;
    2 ( en marche) mettre qch en train to get [sth] started ou going [processus, travail]; se mettre en train gén to get going; Sport to warm up; j'ai du mal à me mettre en train le matin I have a hard job getting going in the morning; mise en train Sport warm-up; la mise en train d'un projet getting a project under way;
    3 ( en cours) être en train de faire to be doing; j'étais en train de dormir/lire I was sleeping/reading.
    train arrière Aut back axle assembly; train d'atterrissage undercarriage; sortir le or son train d'atterrissage to lower the undercarriage; train avant Aut front axle assembly; Aviat nose (landing) gear; train baladeur Aut sliding gear; train de bois raft; train électrique ( jouet simple) toy train; ( modèle réduit) model train; ( jeu avec accessoires) train set; train d'engrenages Mécan train of gears, gear train; train fantôme ghost train; train de laminoirs Tech mill train; train de neige Transp train to ski resorts; train d'ondes Phys wave train; train de pneus Aut set of tyres GB ou tires US; train roulant Aut running gear; train de rouleaux Ind roller path; train de roulement Aut undercarriage; train routier Transp articulated lorry GB, tractor-trailer US; train sanitaire hospital train; train de sénateur hum stately pace; aller son train de sénateur to go at a stately pace; train spatial linked-up spacecraft (+ v pl); train de tiges ( pour forage) string; train de vie lifestyle; réduire son train de vie to live more modestly.
    faire le petit train to do the conga; un train peut en cacher un autre fig be on your guard.
    [trɛ̃] nom masculin
    A.
    1. [convoi] train
    le train de 9 h 40 the 9:40 train
    train de banlieue suburban ou commuter train
    train direct non-stop ou through train
    train de grande ligne long distance train, intercity train (UK)
    train de marchandises goods (UK) ou freight train
    train omnibus slow ou local train
    ce train est omnibus entre Paris et Vierzon this train stops ou calls at all stations between Paris and Vierzon
    monter dans ou prendre le train en marche to climb onto ou to jump on the bandwagon
    2. [moyen de transport]
    le train rail (transport), train
    3. [voyageurs] train
    4. [file de véhicules] line (of cars)
    train de camions convoy ou line of lorries (UK) ou trucks (US)
    train de péniches train ou string of barges
    5. [ensemble, série] set, batch
    train d'atterrissage landing gear, undercarriage
    train avant/arrière front/rear wheel-axle unit
    train de combat (combat ou unit) train
    10. INFORMATIQUE [de travaux] stream
    B.
    1. [allure] pace
    a. [marcheur, animal] to quicken the pace
    b. [véhicule] to speed up
    au ou du train où vont les choses the way things are going, at this rate
    aller à fond de train ou à un train d'enfer to speed ou to race along
    a. [marcher] to jog along
    b. [agir posément] to do things at one's own pace
    2. [manière de vivre]
    train de vie lifestyle, standard of living
    3. SPORT [dans une course - de personnes, de chevaux] pacemaker
    C.
    train arrière ou de derrière hindquarters
    2. (familier) [fesses] backside
    courir ou filer au train de quelqu'un
    a. [le suivre partout] to stick to somebody like glue
    b. [le prendre en filature] to tail ou to shadow somebody
    ————————
    en train locution adjectivale
    1. [en cours]
    être en train [ouvrage, travaux] to be under way
    2. [personne]
    a. [plein d'allant] to be full of energy
    b. [de bonne humeur] to be in good spirits ou in a good mood
    je ne me sens pas vraiment en train en ce moment I don't feel my usual perky self, I am not feeling especially perky at the moment
    ————————
    en train locution adverbiale
    1. [en route]
    2. [en forme]
    ————————
    en train de locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > train

  • 7 cambio1

    1 = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.
    Ex. It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.
    Ex. A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).
    Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex. To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex. This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.
    Ex. This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.
    Ex. The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.
    Ex. Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.
    Ex. When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
    Ex. Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex. The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex. A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.
    Ex. The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.
    Ex. There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.
    Ex. The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex. The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.
    Ex. Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.
    Ex. This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex. This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.
    Ex. The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.
    Ex. The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.
    Ex. Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.
    Ex. Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.
    Ex. These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.
    Ex. Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.
    ----
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.
    * aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.
    * adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.
    * adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.
    * adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.
    * agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.
    * agente del cambio = change agent.
    * aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.
    * cambio a = flight to.
    * cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.
    * cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.
    * cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.
    * cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.
    * cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.
    * cambio cultural = cultural change.
    * cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.
    * cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.
    * cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.
    * cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * cambio de dueño = change of hands.
    * cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.
    * cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.
    * cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].
    * cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.
    * cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.
    * cambio de look = lick of paint.
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio de manos = change of hands.
    * cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.
    * cambio demográfico = population trend.
    * cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de nombre = rebranding.
    * cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.
    * cambio de propietario = change of hands.
    * cambio de proveedor = churn.
    * cambio de registro = code switching.
    * cambio de residencia = resettlement.
    * cambio de servicio = churn.
    * cambio de sexo = sex change.
    * cambio de título = title change.
    * cambio escénico = scene changing.
    * cambio estacional = seasonal change.
    * cambio hormonal = hormonal change.
    * cambio inesperado = twist.
    * cambio institucional = institutional change.
    * cambio metereológico = weather modification.
    * cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.
    * cambio + producirse = change + come about.
    * cambio profundo = profound change.
    * cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.
    * cambio radical de postura = about-face.
    * cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.
    * cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.
    * cambio social = social change, societal change.
    * cambio + suceder = change + take place.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.
    * cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.
    * cambio traumático = traumatic change.
    * cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.
    * clima de cambio = climate of change.
    * efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * efectuar un cambio = effect + change.
    * elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.
    * en proceso de cambio = changing.
    * estado de cambio = state of flux.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.
    * experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.
    * experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.
    * hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.
    * hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).
    * hacer el cambio = make + the change.
    * hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.
    * hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.
    * hacer un cambio = make + change.
    * impulsor del cambio = driver of change.
    * introducir un cambio = bring + change.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.
    * lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.
    * los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * momento clave del cambio = tipping point.
    * moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.
    * mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.
    * motor del cambio = driver of change.
    * no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.
    * no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.
    * ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.
    * operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.
    * permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.
    * proceso de cambio = process of change.
    * producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * reacio al cambio = resistant to change.
    * realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.
    * repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.
    * resistente al cambio = resistant to change.
    * ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.
    * ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.
    * sin cambio = inviolate.
    * sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.
    * subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.
    * suceder un cambio = occur + change.
    * sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.
    * sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambio1

  • 8 козырёк

    1) General subject: abat jour, abat-jour (здания), apron, bill (фуражки), cap peak, cap-peak (фуражки), peak (кепки, фуражки), visard (фуражки), visor (фуражки), vizard (фуражки), vizor (фуражки), marquee (над входом в гостиницу или театр; в случае театра - часто с неоновой рекламой и заголовками идущих спектаклей)
    3) Naval: apron plate (на баке), (носовой) bow chock, bow chock plate, eye-brow, riggle, spirketting plate, wrigger
    8) Automobile industry: baffle plate, screen
    13) Oil: shirt tail
    14) Astronautics: visor assembly
    16) Makarov: screen (над порталом тоннеля), shade, windscreen
    17) Gold mining: brow

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > козырёк

  • 9 ствольная накладка

    1) Military: ( top) hand guard, handguard, handguard assembly (как сложное изделие, состоящее из ряда других конструктивных элементов)
    2) Arms production: hand guard

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ствольная накладка

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